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All About Semiconductors--types, Manufacture, And Uses To Industries
Things, as we know it, can be grouped as either a conductor or insulator. We know that conductors conduct electricity; materials like rubber do not. However, there are also materials that fall between the two - such things are called as semiconductors.
What are semiconductors?
Semiconductors possess a conducting characteristic that is between conductor and insulator's property. However, their conductivity can be modified transiently by injecting charges or electrons. Semiconductors can either be intrinsic (pure) or extrinsic (by adding atoms called dopants)
Below are some examples of semiconductors:
>> Silicon - it is the major component of most semiconductor devices that electronic industry use today particularly in ASIC design,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], integrated circuits and microprocessor production. It is widely used because it remains a semiconductor at higher temperatures.
>>Germanium--is another important semiconductor element used specifically in transistors (doped with arsenic,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], gallium, or other elements) and various electronic devices. Its major end uses include fiber-optic system as well as infrared optics. It is also being used for polymerization catalysts, solar cell applications.
>>Gallium arsenide (GaAs) -- it is a compound of the elements gallium and arsenic. It is a III/V semiconductor,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], and is being used in manufacturing devices like microwave frequency integrated circuits, monolithic microwave integrated circuits,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], infrared light-emitting diodes, laser diodes, solar cells, as well as in the production of optical windows.
Semiconductor Industry Today
The semiconductor industry has become a multi-billion dollar business today. It has made a monumental impact to society as many people use products where semiconductors are present from the heart of microprocessor chips to transistors; microwave to optic windows.
Silicon semiconductor fabrication process
The following are the steps in fabrication practical silicon semiconductor devices:
1. Crystal Preparation -- it involves growing a single crystal of silicon into a solid cylindrical shape;
2. Wafer Preparation -- the step where the solid cylinder of silicon is cut with a diamond saw blade uniformly; each wafer is cleaned and polished through a series of machines;
3. Thin Film Generation -- this is to provide physical or electrical isolation between two adjacent layers or to prepare the wafer for doping and lithography stages;
4. Lithography -- this is process of imprinting patterns on materials
5. Chemical Etching (also known as chemical milling) -- it is a technique for manufacturing high-precision flat metal parts.
6. Impurity Doping - adding impurities into an extremely pure (also referred to as intrinsic) semiconductor for the purpose of modulating its electrical properties
7. Metallization -- coating, treatment, or combining the material with a metal.
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